[Patents Pending]

A Fundamental and Applied Research
by

Rakesh Goel, Managing Director, S.K. Dynamics Pvt. Ltd., India

Only four positions of electron in each atom are considered for simplicity of calculation. Total number of positions or combinations are 4 * 4 = 16The probability is modified at 4 positions to match the gravitational force in which its value is assumed zero at 2 positions and different values at other 2 positions.

Average Probability of finding electron is 1/16 (0.0625) which is applicable at remaining 12 positions.

Distance between atoms (m) Force F_e Force F_g from Formula Estimated Probability

9.999999974752427D-07 1.93426D-52 1.861032979397313D-52 2.499999987376213D-29

 9.999999974

752427D-06 1.93426D-54 1.861032979397313D-54 2.499999987376213D-27

9.999999974752427D-05 1.93426D-56 1.861032979397313D-56 2.499999987376213D-25

9.999999974752427D-04 1.93426D-58 1.861032979397313D-58 2.499999987376213D-23

9.999999974752427D-03 1.93426D-60 1.861032979397313D-60 2.499999987376213D-21

9.999999974752427D-02 1.93426D-62 1.861032979397313D-62 2.499999987376213D-19

.9999999974752427 1.93426D-64 1.861032979397313D-64 2.499999987376213D-17

9.999999974752427 1.93426D-66 1.861032979397313D-66 2.499999987376213D-15

99.99999974752427 1.93426D-68 1.861032979397314D-68 2.499999987376213D-13

999.9999974752427 1.93426D-70 1.861032979397313D-70 2.499999987376213D-11

9999.999974752427 1.93426D-72 1.861032979397313D-72 2.499999987376213D-09

99999.99974752427 1.93426D-74 1.861032979397313D-74 2.499999987376213D-07

999999.9974752427 1.93426D-76 1.861032979397313D-76 2.499999987376213D-05

9999999.974752428 1.93426D-78 1.861032979397313D-78 2.499999987376213D-03

Sample output of forces F1 to F4 and F_e at one set of electron positions from 255 digit fixed point Math Software.

+000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

000000000000000000000000000

00000000000000002303999880562.08102060986880862425522766506167931421451

642253787773003116916102094459

63755365984022210189565542790174387584651567830254742230

+0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

000000000000000000000000000000000

0000000000000002303999880562.08102060986880862425522766506167931421451

64225378777300311691610209445963

755365984022210189565542790174387584651567830254742230

+000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

00000000000000000000000000000000000

000000000000002303999880805.844210232014591398223077240810420368626191

66633809277652227903977387170629

48986103673839308100545210692323006687518014644185280

+00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

000000000000000000000000000000000

000000000000002303999880318.31783102640824439563470972978947935296976

956955547184797890540091319897617

54759139285724833964260472177823906758659686008400380

+000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

0000000000000000000000000000000000

0000000000000000000000000000.00000003868521854534733164047654109316

6928390817809164438846118645181489

7193013274915143762933720102521371744143042040143101200

Prototype P1: [16 July, 1997]

N=120, ID=25 mm, OD=63 mm

R_AB=0.2E, C=2 uF

I1=I2=0.5 A, no rotation applied

If I1 and I2 flow in same direction then weak magnetic field is produced. If I1 and I2 flow in opposite direction then no field is detected.

Prototype P4 [19 Oct, 1999]

Weight reduction is tested in balance stand with counter weights and gravity motor on each side. It is based on 8um metalised polyester as dielectric and metal layer.

Rotation speed = 1000 to 3000 rpm, Radial magnetic field is applied.

Its contacts damage frequently in current flow. No detectable effect was found but sometimes more motion like pendulum (not going to lowest position) is detected. There was a very small (not very clear) effect of weight change in CW and CCW rotation.

Prototype P14 [12May, 2000]

ID=62 mm, OD=120 mm, 25 um Polyester, 4.5um Aluminum, N=453

R_AB =6.3E, C=32 uF

Weight of Prototype = 10 Kg

Deflection sensitivity of test stand = 17 gram/ mm

Rotation speed = 2800 to 2900 RPM

Current pulses of peak current 6 A approx., Radial magnetic field is applied

DC Voltage between A and C = 0 to 700 V

After 5 minutes of trials the deflection started reducing and within 3 to 4 hours of trials it reached to almost zero.

Prototype P21 [12 July, 2000]

ID=62 mm, OD=120 mm, 15 um Polyester, 6um Aluminum, N=265

R_AB =3.6E, C=18.1uF

Weight of Prototype = 10 Kg

Deflection sensitivity of test stand = 17 gram/ mm

Rotation speed = 2000 to 2900 RPM

Current pulses of peak current 8 A approx., Radial magnetic field is applied

DC Voltage between A and C = 0 to 400 V

Deflection due to weight reduction = 0.1 to 0.2 mm. So it shows that the weight reduction is dependent upon number of turns, applied DC voltage, current pulses etc. This prototype worked for 2 to 3 days.

Prototype P24 [17 July, 2000]

ID=62 mm, OD=200 mm, 15 um Polyester, 6um Aluminum, N=1760

R_AB =30E, L_AB =0.256 H, Capacitance is not measurable correctly by simple capacitance meter because of high inductance.

Weight of Prototype = 18.9 Kg

Deflection sensitivity of test stand = 35 gram/ mm

Rotation speed = 800 to 2000 RPM

Current pulses of peak current 2.5 A approx., Radial magnetic field is applied

DC Voltage between A and C = 0 to 100 V

Deflection due to weight reduction = 0.4 to 0.5 mm. The deflection was reduced to 0.3 mm after trials of one day and then the prototype got damaged at 150 V DC. However it showed a weight reduction of 0.05%.

Prototype P28 [21 August, 2000]

A weight increase and decrease of 0.04% are seen in the same prototype when the direction of rotation was reversed.

ID = 62 mm, OD = 120 mm, 15 um Polyester, 6um Aluminum, N=500

R_AB =7.3E, L_AB =0.012 H, R_CD = 6.9E, L_CD =0.012 H

L_{AC =} 2.3 mH when B & D are shorted

Capacitance C = 66.3 uF

Weight of Prototype = 12 Kg

Deflection sensitivity of test stand = 22 gram/ mm

Rotation speed = 1900 RPM

Winding voltage = 20 V DC

Current pulses of peak current 9 A approx.

Radial magnetic field is applied. Magnet fitting was different i.e. extra magnets were stuck on outer side of CI to get additional tangential magnetic field.

Note : A number of prototypes failed in the process of manufacture

Fig 22: Detecting velocity of M4

[ March 6, 2001]

An experiment was carried out with the above setup. An iron channel as shown in blue color was taken. Rare Earth magnets, NdFeB, were taken and stuck inside the channel for a length of 2m such that on one wall of the channel inside was simulated the North Pole and on the other wall of the channel inside was simulated the South Pole. In effect, it acted as a 2m long Permanent magnet. The field generated was measured as 3000 Gauss.

A laser beam was shot on the screen, not passing through the channel and the red spot was observed. Then, the laser beam was shot passing through the channel, as shown in Fig 22, and it was found that the laser beam spot was found shifted and diffused on the smooth screen. This shift/ diffusion was approx. 0.1 mm.

The time T required by the laser to pass all the magnets is:

T = 2m / c where 2m is the magnet length and c is the velocity of light.

= 6.6 ns

The velocity of M4 will thus be :

= 0.1 mm shift / 6.6 ns

= #9; 16 KM/s for 3000 Gauss flux density

= 5.2 m/s/Gauss

or 1 gauss flux density = 5.2 m/s drift velocity of M4

These results are approximate as the measurement setup needs more precision.