[Patents Pending]

A Fundamental and Applied Research
by

Rakesh Goel, Managing Director, S.K. Dynamics Pvt. Ltd., India

This resultant force Fe is the electrostatic force vector of Gravitation force.

Similarly a resultant force Fm can be estimated which is the magnetic force vector of Gravitation force.

Gravitation force F = Fe + Fm

The probability or distribution of electron in spherical co-ordinates is not uniform and changes significantly with distance, which effects the resultant force. The probability of electron is dependent on force applied on it, and the force is dependent on its position.

The average value of resultant force F is not ZERO and is positive in all elements of matter. It was solved with certain assumptions for distance between atoms ( d ) ranging from 10^-6 m to 10⁷ m by a computer program of mathematical accuracy greater then 200 digits. The answer was never zero.

Note: In many references , this force is specified as atomic bonding, inter-atomic force, inter-molecular force etc. However no reference had solved this force at larger distances. Also this force is specified in many references as significantly larger than gravitation force at 10^-9 m , and zero at larger distances . It means that this force will be equal to gravitation force at a particular distance , but it was not calculated.

A simple analogy is that if we have one voltage source of 1000 V DC and another source of 1000V DC having a ripple of ± 1 volt then average voltage of both the sources will be 1000 V. However the RMS voltage in second source will be more then first source and difference of these two voltage sources will not be zero. The RMS Value is greater or equal to Average Value. Therefore the resultant force F will not be zero even at higher distances.

Q1.     Why gravitation force is associated with matter ?
A1.     It is an electromagnetic force field (or electromagnetic wave), which is generated by motion of charge in the matter.

Q2.     Why gravitation force is always a force of attraction while electrostatic force is force of attraction and repulsion ?
A2.     As explained above, the resultant force F will not be zero even at higher distances. The first force between proton to proton is minimum, because there is no movement in their positions. Hence RMS and average value of this force will be same. While other three forces are higher. So resultant is always positive (force of attraction).


Q3.     Why is it so weak compared to electrostatic force ?
A3.     It is explained above that resultant force Fe (electrostatic force vector of gravitation) is sum of four electrostatic forces, in which two are positive and remaining two are negative. Therefore the resultant force F is significantly weak compared to electrostatic force F1.


Q4.     Is there any other property of gravitation (besides that every object attracts the other object) ?
A4.     As a second property of gravitation field, It will always radiate electromagnetic waves in a broadband spectra which will have higher spectral density at orbital frequencies of electrons with high degree of phase and amplitude modulations which is the resultant of all atoms present in the matter. This is one of the reason that the value of G decays with time. G(t) is inversely proportional to t.


Q5.     In what form Potential Energy is stored in matter ?
A5.     It is mentioned above that the probability of electron in spherical co-ordinates varies with distance or height. Its variations are more at shorter distances, which means that motion of electron is more restricted at shorter distances . This reduces the kinetic energy of electrons at shorter distances. As the distance is increased, the kinetic energy of electrons is also increased because of more uniform probability. The difference in KE of electrons at different height is the Gravitational Potential Energy.


Q6.     Why curved space-time is associated with gravity ?
A6.     Considering the Lorentz-Fitzgerald contraction, orbit of electron in atom is squashed to elliptical orbit when the atom is in motion. It implies that the gravitation field of the matter is dependent on its velocity. In other words , a moving matter generates additional gravitation field which is different in its direction of motion and perpendicular to its direction of motion.


This property is similar to generation of magnetic field. "A moving charge generates magnetic field perpendicular to its direction of motion."

It also explains that curved space-time is required to compensate the effect of this additional gravitation field created by moving matter .



    ASSUMPTIONS ON FUNDAMENTAL QUESTIONS

Let us consider two hydrogen atoms separated at a distance 'd' and the radius of the atom be 'r'. The force between the two protons be 'F1' and the force between the first proton and the second electron be 'F4' and the distance between them is 'd2' as shown in fig. 2.

The distance 'd2' is given by the following equation

d2 = Ö [(d - rcosf )² + (rsinf )²] [actual value]

And the x component the force 'F4' is given by

F4x = F4 (d - rcosf ) / Ö [(d - rcosf )² + (rsinf )²] [actual value]

Assumptions made to simplify calculations

1. Electron motion considered in circular orbit instead of spherical orbit.

2. d2 = d - rcosf [Approximation]

3. F4x = F4 [Approximation]

4. Considered only Electrostatic Force and not the Magnetic Force.

5. Probability of electron is calculated considering only at four positions of orbit.