Q3Ex. Explanation of Q3.

The force F_g due to Gravitation between the two Hydrogen atoms is given by -

F_g = G (m1m2)/d²

= (6.673T 10^-11) T (1.67T 10^-27)²/ d²

= (1.861T 10^-64) / d² N

The Electrostatic Force F_e between the two electrons is given by -

F_e = k (q1q2)/d²

k = 9T 10⁹ Nm²/C²

F_e = (9T 10⁹) T (1.6T 10^-19)²/ d²

= (2.304T 10^-28) / d² N

The ratio of both the forces is given by -

F_e/F_g = (2.304T 10^-28) / (1.861T 10^-64)

= 1.2 T 10 ³⁶

Hence the Electrostatic Force is appreciably larger then the Gravitational force.

Q5Ex. Explanation of Q5.

Let us assume a parallel plate capacitor having capacitance C_a, and its plate’s separation D_a, as shown in figure 1(a). It is connected to a supply voltage V_a and then supply is removed.

Charge Q = C_aV_a

If plates are free to move then electrostatic force of attraction F tries to reduce the distance between plates.

Assume next distance between plates D_b , new capacitance C_b , and new voltages V_b, as shown in figure 1(b).

Assume D_b = ¹/₂D_a

Then Capacitance C_b = 2C_a

The charge on capacitor will remain constant.

Hence Q = C_aV_a = C_bV_b = 2C_aV_b

Or 9; V_b = ¹/₂ V_a

Energy stored in both cases is given by ¹/₂ C V²

E_a = ¹/₂ C_aV_a ²

E_b = ¹/₂C_bV_b² = ¹/_{2 T} 2T C_aT (¹/₂V_a) ² = ¹/₄C_aV_a²

D E = E_a – E_b = ¹/₂C_aV_a²– ¹/₄C_aV_a² = ¹/₄C_aV_a² ------------------[1]

This is equal to work or energy output.

Therefore according to equation no. 1, "In a charged capacitor, if the distance between plates increases then its stored energy (say Potential Energy) also increases and is equal to the work done in increasing the distance against electrostatic force. Also if the distance decreases then its stored energy decreases equal to the work output".

Similarly in case of Gravitation, Potential Energy ( PE ) increases equal to the work done in going upward and decreases equal to work output in going downward.

Assume an object of mass 1 Kg is moved from earth surface to deep in space (say infinity).

The energy required is equal to ¹/₂mv² where v is approximately escape velocity.

E₁ = ¹/_{2 T} 1 T (11 T 10³)² Watt

= 16.8 kWh

This is converted into Potential Energy and it can be converted back into work output when the object is carried back to earth surface.

Therefore 16.8 kWh energy is stored (somewhere) in carrying an object of one Kg mass, and no change in the object is detected.

Q7Ex. Explanation of Q7.

As from the hypothesis, magnetism is due to the flow of Ether/ M4. The magnetic flux always follows the shortest path and hence gives the strong hold to the fluid flow (m4). From the analogy of electrical circuits we can see that the current flow in a closed loop or mesh, thus ether also flows in a closed loop between north pole and south pole, if any one of it does not exists it appears to be open circuit and ether can not get the complete path. For better understanding refer to the fig.2

In fig. 2 we can not separate the current flowing from resistance R1, R2 and R3. Thus magnetic poles cannot be separated. Now the question arises why when a magnet is broken in two pieces each piece it-self acts as a separate magnet which means that the magnet with N-S poles in broken up into two with N-S poles each. The answer to this question can be easily explained by replacing the magnet by a voltage source with internal resistance as R and RL as the path resistance of Ether as shown in Fig 2(a). Breaking of magnet into two equal pieces means the equivalent voltage source, internal resistance and load resistance (path for the Ether) reduces to the half of previous value as

shown in Fig 2(b) and Fig 2(c).Here we can easily grasp the concept of breaking the magnet in to pieces will act as the magnet or joining two ar more pieces of magnet will act as the equivalent magnet.

Q. Where is the Potential Energy PE stored ( in object or in earth )? In what form Potential Energy is stored ?